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1、高中英语定语从句详解I. 概念:(1)定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用:1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whomwhose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,关系代词可以省略。常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):whe(时间状语)、why(原因状语)、whe

2、re(地点状语)可以修饰人的关系代词:that,who,whom,whose可以修饰事的关系代词:that,which,as,whose,ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语)第三选择合适的关系词。n.几个关系代词的基本用法: that:可指人或物;

3、在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,或whom;指物时,相当于which)(般不用于非限制性定语从句;词后作宾语)女口:1. Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(语)2. Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3. Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)4. Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5. Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

4、6. She'snoIongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.7. OurhometownisnoIongertheone(that)itusedtobe.(=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.) which:指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。如:1. Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.2. Thebook(w

5、hich/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting. who,whom,whose:相当于who不可置于介主(表语)(主语)(宾语)who:主格,在从句中作主语,只可指人whom:宾格,在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人whose:表所属关系,在从句中作定语。译为:某人的,某物的whose+名词=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的)the+n.+ofwhom(某人的)Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawyesterdayisTom.Iknowthegirlwhosefath

6、erisateacher.(whosefather=thefatherofwhom)(指物)(指人)Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(whoseparents=theparentsofwhom)rdlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(whosewindow=thewindowofwhich)关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中,介词提前时,介词后:表人用whom表物用which)关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系

7、代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)Theman(whom/who/that)mymotheristalkingwithisMrBlack.=ThemanwithwhommymotheristalkingisMrBlack.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thelibraryfromwhichwec

8、anborrowbooksisverybig.ThisisthebookaboutwhichItoldyoujustnow.as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语) 如为限制性的,多用于thesameas;thesameas(与相同);suchas(如此,这样);asmany/muchas(和一样多);so/asas(与一样)等结构中。如:Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,

9、先行词是same.).-Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比较:Iliveinthesamehouseth

10、atheusedtolivein.rmwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较:Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句) 如为非限制性的,as还可以单独引导一个定语从句,代替整个主句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)

11、=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)众所周知:Asweallknow,It'swell-know(tousall)that=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(

12、宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)川.关系副词(when,where,why)引导的定语从句,它们后面的句子完整,只缺状语,它们都可以等于介词+which,其中why只等于forwhich.When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词(如:time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意:先行词为"时间名词",可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以

13、用which或that弓I导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作谓语spent的宾语)Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,willbeexciting.(宾语)IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwaslaunched.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisn

14、otpermissible.Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意:先行词是"地点名词",定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:探Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)Thisistheparkwhich/tha

15、ttheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾语)Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。如:Thereasonwhy+定语从句isthat+表语从句(的原因是)Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tcometoschoolwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)(作主语)Heaskedmethereasonthatcanexplainmysucc

16、ess.Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate.(That'sbecause+原因)那是因为Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)(That'swhy+结果)那是的原因(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或省略引导词way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/(inwhich)Idosuchthing

17、s.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:1. 形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3. 语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,(whichhasbeenChina'scapitalfo

18、rmorethan800years,)isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4. 翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。(见上句翻译)比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.1. Hestudiedhardatsc

19、hoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.(which代替整个前面整个主句)2. Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.3. Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.4. Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.V.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:that&which:在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时

20、,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.只能用that的情况: 先行词为much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing),theone等不定代词或受其修饰时;1. Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2. There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.3. Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday? 先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时;1. Theonlyth

21、ingthatwecoulddowastowait.2. That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear. 先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时,包括thelast,thenext;1. WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.2. Thisisthethirdfilmthathas

22、beenshowninourschoolthisterm. 先行词是最咼级或被最咼级修饰时;1. Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.2. Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon. 先行词既有人又有物,只用that.女口:1. Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2. Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbyth

23、epolice. 被修饰词为数词时.1. YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive. 如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore. 主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。1. Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?2. W

24、hoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate? 主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.女口:1. Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree. 先行词在从句中做表语时1. Heisnottheyoungmanthathewas30yearsago.2. MyhomevillageisnoIongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况: 当关系代词的前面有介词时.1. Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimal

25、sarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives? 在非限制性定语从句中.1. Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.2. MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句) 在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.1. Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatI

26、borrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.2. AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenlfinishedthem. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish. 先行词本身是that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislo

27、okingat? 先行词是those+复数名词.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.as&which:as&which弓I导非限制性定语从句的区别: 位置的不同:Which(放句中)引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。如:1. Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.2. Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.或Asyou

28、know,Jackisanhonestman. 先行词的不同:as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一个词)(先行词是一个句子)Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent. as一般译为"正如""就像","这一点"asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.Thesameas与thesamethat的区另UThesameas指的是同一类事物,例如SheboughtthesameshirtasIwear.Thesamethat指的是同一个事物,例如ThepolicefoundthesamecarthatIlostlastweek.

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