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1、Animal Testingis it ethical?Melissa LashAri Pritchard-BellTim KnabAnimal-models in researchBiomedical and consumer product development1,134,693 animals used in the USA in 2010Regulated by IACUCPhoto credit: /wiki/Animal_testing2005 statistics3RsReplacement (using alternatives)Reduction (minimize ani

2、mals needed for meaningful data)Refinement (maximize applicability)Academic researchMoral relativism:Society benefits from graduate research with animalsProgress made in the clinicAdvances in basic sciencePre-clinical trialsTranslation into industryPhoto credit: /2011/06/animal-testing-ethical-dilem

3、ma.htmlAcademic ResearchBalance between different ethical points of viewPleasure vs painSociety vs the individualReligion and sacrificePhoto credit: /news/2011/110223/pdf/470452a.pdfAnimal Testing in IndustryPractices in Industry: Very UtilitarianOrigins: Theology and Moral AbsolutismThe Carnivores

4、DilemmaModel Development: in silicaPhoto Credit: /Science/3703/The-Cruelty-of-Animal-TestingPractices in Industry PharmaceuticalsSacrifice an animal, save a lifeCosmeticsSacrifice an animal, look younger?UtilitarianismNet benefit to society maximized.Assume human life animal lifePhoto Credit: /less-

5、animal-testing-by-botox-from-now-on/Moral AbsolutismReligionUsually defines our relationship with natureHumans have soulsAnimals dontPhoto Credit: /2011/01/should-christians-keep-ten-commandments.htmlWhy it still happensWere not all vegetariansEating meat is optionalHumane animal sacrificeNutritionA

6、estheticsEconomicsPhoto Credit: /MeatShop/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=1_4Models to the rescueAccurate Models Save LivesAllow for an infinite amount of cruelty-free testsInter-species VariabilityMake animal tests unreliablePhoto Credit: /2011/06/animal-testing.htmlRegulationsAnimal Welfare Act (1

7、966)Animal Welfare Act only regulates sale and living conditions of animalsNo regulations on experimentsIACUCInstitutions or organizations testing on animals required to form IACUCInternal regulationsRegulations-UtilitarianismUtilitarian viewpoint How do we quantify the amount of suffering an animal

8、 experiences?What about the value of the research?How much “good” needs to come from testing to be allowable?At what point is testing or a certain type of testing banned?Regulations-Moral AbsolutesShould all animal testing and experimentation be banned?Should it all be allowed?What constitutes an an

9、imal on which testing is banned? Scientific definition - Animal KingdomSelf-awareness and capacity for sufferingRegulations Moral RelativismDifferent cultures have different values and moralsSome animals are sacred in one culture and not in others.All living things have souls and can suffer vs. only human suffering is relevant?Should individual researchers get to decide based on their own moral compass?