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SoilandItsUsesSoilandItsUses1Outline:SoilFormationSoilPropertiesErosionSoilConservationOutline:SoilFormation2Land-Portionoftheworldnotcoveredbywater.Soil-Mixtureofminerals,organicmaterial,livingorganisms,air,andwater.Land-Portionoftheworldno3SoilFormationSoilformationbeginswithfragmentationofparentmaterial.母岩-Ancientrocklayerswithrecentdepositsfromlavaorglacialflows.
熔岩或冰河流动Weathering
风化-Factorsbringingaboutfragmentation破碎orchemicalchangeofparentmaterial.SoilFormationSoilformationb4MechanicalWeathering
物理风化,原生矿物Resultsfromphysicalforcesreducingsizeofrockparticleswithoutchangingthechemicalnatureoftherock.FreezingandThawingCyclesErosionfromWindandMovingWaterMechanicalWeathering物理风化,原生5ChemicalWeathering
化学风化,次生矿物-Involvesthechemicalalterationofrockinsuchamannerthatitismorelikelytofragmentorbedissolved.Rockfragmentsexposedtoatmospheremayoxidize,orotherwisechemicallychange.ChemicalWeathering化学风化,次生矿物6Humus-Decayingorganicmaterial.mixedwiththetoplayersofrockparticles,andsuppliessomeoftheneedednutrientstoplants.Increasethewater-holdingcapacityandinorganicnutrientsolubility(acidcond.)createscrumblysoilwhichallowsadequatewaterabsorptionanddrainage.Humus-Decayingorganicmater7Otherfactorsinfluencingsoilformation:Burrowinganimalsbringnutrientsupfromdeepersoillayers,improvingsoilfertility.PlantrootsBacteriaandFungi(decomposers)1cmsoilformation:15years(warm,humidclimate)tohundredsofyearsOtherfactorsinfluencingsoil8SoilPropertiesTexture
质地,矿物质机械组成:
Variousparticlesaremixedinmanydifferentcombination,resultinginsoilclassification.
Determinedbythesizeofsoilparticles.Gravel石砾,d>2mmSand砂粒,0.05-2.0mmSilt粉砂粒,0.002-0.05mmClay粘粒,<0.002mmSoilPropertiesTexture质地,矿物质机9Toomanylargeparticlesleadstoextremeleaching.Toomanysmallparticlesleadstopoordrainage.Toomanylargeparticlesleads10Soilclassification:Clay粘土Silt淤泥Sand砂土
Loam壤土IdealforagricultureSoilclassification:Clay粘土11Structure-Referstothewayvarioussoilparticlesclumptogether. 土壤结构:土壤颗粒的空间排列方式及稳定程度,孔隙的分布及结合状况。Howtochange?Measuredby?Friability-Soil’sabilitytocrumble.vs
粘结性,结持性Structure-Referstotheway12Ingoodsoils2/3oftheintra-soilspacescontainairaftertheexcesswaterhasdrained.Oxygenforrootcellsandsoilorganism.Ingoodsoils2/3oftheintra13Protozoa,nematodes,earthworms,insects,algae,bacteria,andfungiaretypicalinhabitantsofsoil.Protozoa,nematodes,earthworm14SoilProfileSoilProfile
土壤质地剖面形态-Aseriesofhorizontallayersofdifferentchemicalcomposition,particlesize,andamountoforganicmatter.Horizon发生层-Eachrecognizablelayeroftheprofile.SoilProfileSoilProfile土壤质地剖15SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件16OHorizon-Litter-Un-decomposedorpartiallydecomposedorganicmaterial.AHorizon-(Topsoil)Uppermostlayer-containsmostofthesoilnutrientsandorganicmatter.BHorizon-(Subsoil)Underneathtopsoil.Containslessorganicmatterandfewerorganisms,butaccumulatesnutrientsleachedfromtopsoil.-Poorlydevelopedindryareas.CHorizon-Weatheredparentmaterial-verylittleorganicmaterial.RHorizon-BedrockOHorizon-Litter-Un-decom17Mostcultivatedlandcanbeclassifiedaseithergrasslandorforestsoil.GrasslandSoils-UsuallyhaveadeepAHorizon-lowrainfalllimitstopsoilleaching.Ahorizonsupportsmostrootgrowth.ForestSoils-Topsoillayerisrelativelythin,buttopsoilleachateformsasubsoilthatsupportssubstantialrootgrowth.(Highrainfallareas)Mostcultivatedlandcanbecl18SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件19SoilErosion土壤侵蚀Erosion–Wearingawayandtransportationofsoil/topsoil
bywindandwater.Floodplain,delta,muddywaterafterstormEffect:leaveadegradedareaandburyvegetationwhereitsettles.SoilErosion土壤侵蚀Erosion–We20Naturalprocessacceleratedbyagriculturalpractice.Worldwide25.4,China5Billiontons/yrMadeworsebydeforestationanddesertification.High-techagriculturalpracticesonpoorlandincreaseerosionandleadtothetransportofassociatedfertilizersandpesticides.Naturalprocessacceleratedby21Mostcurrentagriculturalareaslosetopsoilfasterthanitcanbereplenished.Mostcurrentagriculturalarea22WinderosionMostcommonindry,treelessareas.Afterdesertification.Winderosion23SoilConservationWhentopsoilislost,fertilityisreducedordestroyed,thusfertilizersmustbeusedtorestorefertility.Raisesfoodcosts,andincreasessedimentloadsinwaterways.SoilConservationWhentopsoil24SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件25Watererosion–controlrunoffWatererosion–controlrunoff26ConservationPracticesContourFarming-Tillingatrightanglestotheslopeoftheland.Eachridgeactsasasmalldam.StripFarming-Alternatingstripsofcloselysowncropstoslowwaterflow.Terracing-Levelareasconstructedatrightanglestotheslopetoretainwater-goodforverysteepland.ConservationPracticesContour27SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件28WinderosionWindbreaks-Plantingoftreesorotherplantsthatprotectbaresoilfromthefullforceofthewind.Winderosion29TillagePlowinghasmultipledesirableeffects:Weedsandweedseedsareburied/destroyed.Cropresidueisturnedunder-decaysfasterandhelpsbuildsoilstructure.Leachednutrientsbroughtclosertosurface.Cooler,darkersoilisbroughttotopandwarmed.TillagePlowinghasmultiplede30ProblemEachtripoverthefieldisanaddedexpensetothefarmer,andatthesametimeincreasestheamountoftimethesoilisopentoerosionviawindorwater.ProblemEachtripoverthefiel31SoilandItsUsesSoilandItsUses32Outline:SoilFormationSoilPropertiesErosionSoilConservationOutline:SoilFormation33Land-Portionoftheworldnotcoveredbywater.Soil-Mixtureofminerals,organicmaterial,livingorganisms,air,andwater.Land-Portionoftheworldno34SoilFormationSoilformationbeginswithfragmentationofparentmaterial.母岩-Ancientrocklayerswithrecentdepositsfromlavaorglacialflows.
熔岩或冰河流动Weathering
风化-Factorsbringingaboutfragmentation破碎orchemicalchangeofparentmaterial.SoilFormationSoilformationb35MechanicalWeathering
物理风化,原生矿物Resultsfromphysicalforcesreducingsizeofrockparticleswithoutchangingthechemicalnatureoftherock.FreezingandThawingCyclesErosionfromWindandMovingWaterMechanicalWeathering物理风化,原生36ChemicalWeathering
化学风化,次生矿物-Involvesthechemicalalterationofrockinsuchamannerthatitismorelikelytofragmentorbedissolved.Rockfragmentsexposedtoatmospheremayoxidize,orotherwisechemicallychange.ChemicalWeathering化学风化,次生矿物37Humus-Decayingorganicmaterial.mixedwiththetoplayersofrockparticles,andsuppliessomeoftheneedednutrientstoplants.Increasethewater-holdingcapacityandinorganicnutrientsolubility(acidcond.)createscrumblysoilwhichallowsadequatewaterabsorptionanddrainage.Humus-Decayingorganicmater38Otherfactorsinfluencingsoilformation:Burrowinganimalsbringnutrientsupfromdeepersoillayers,improvingsoilfertility.PlantrootsBacteriaandFungi(decomposers)1cmsoilformation:15years(warm,humidclimate)tohundredsofyearsOtherfactorsinfluencingsoil39SoilPropertiesTexture
质地,矿物质机械组成:
Variousparticlesaremixedinmanydifferentcombination,resultinginsoilclassification.
Determinedbythesizeofsoilparticles.Gravel石砾,d>2mmSand砂粒,0.05-2.0mmSilt粉砂粒,0.002-0.05mmClay粘粒,<0.002mmSoilPropertiesTexture质地,矿物质机40Toomanylargeparticlesleadstoextremeleaching.Toomanysmallparticlesleadstopoordrainage.Toomanylargeparticlesleads41Soilclassification:Clay粘土Silt淤泥Sand砂土
Loam壤土IdealforagricultureSoilclassification:Clay粘土42Structure-Referstothewayvarioussoilparticlesclumptogether. 土壤结构:土壤颗粒的空间排列方式及稳定程度,孔隙的分布及结合状况。Howtochange?Measuredby?Friability-Soil’sabilitytocrumble.vs
粘结性,结持性Structure-Referstotheway43Ingoodsoils2/3oftheintra-soilspacescontainairaftertheexcesswaterhasdrained.Oxygenforrootcellsandsoilorganism.Ingoodsoils2/3oftheintra44Protozoa,nematodes,earthworms,insects,algae,bacteria,andfungiaretypicalinhabitantsofsoil.Protozoa,nematodes,earthworm45SoilProfileSoilProfile
土壤质地剖面形态-Aseriesofhorizontallayersofdifferentchemicalcomposition,particlesize,andamountoforganicmatter.Horizon发生层-Eachrecognizablelayeroftheprofile.SoilProfileSoilProfile土壤质地剖46SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件47OHorizon-Litter-Un-decomposedorpartiallydecomposedorganicmaterial.AHorizon-(Topsoil)Uppermostlayer-containsmostofthesoilnutrientsandorganicmatter.BHorizon-(Subsoil)Underneathtopsoil.Containslessorganicmatterandfewerorganisms,butaccumulatesnutrientsleachedfromtopsoil.-Poorlydevelopedindryareas.CHorizon-Weatheredparentmaterial-verylittleorganicmaterial.RHorizon-BedrockOHorizon-Litter-Un-decom48Mostcultivatedlandcanbeclassifiedaseithergrasslandorforestsoil.GrasslandSoils-UsuallyhaveadeepAHorizon-lowrainfalllimitstopsoilleaching.Ahorizonsupportsmostrootgrowth.ForestSoils-Topsoillayerisrelativelythin,buttopsoilleachateformsasubsoilthatsupportssubstantialrootgrowth.(Highrainfallareas)Mostcultivatedlandcanbecl49SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件50SoilErosion土壤侵蚀Erosion–Wearingawayandtransportationofsoil/topsoil
bywindandwater.Floodplain,delta,muddywaterafterstormEffect:leaveadegradedareaandburyvegetationwhereitsettles.SoilErosion土壤侵蚀Erosion–We51Naturalprocessacceleratedbyagriculturalpractice.Worldwide25.4,China5Billiontons/yrMadeworsebydeforestationanddesertification.High-techagriculturalpracticesonpoorlandincreaseerosionandleadtothetransportofassociatedfertilizersandpesticides.Naturalprocessacceleratedby52Mostcurrentagriculturalareaslosetopsoilfasterthanitcanbereplenished.Mostcurrentagriculturalarea53WinderosionMostcommonindry,treelessareas.Afterdesertification.Winderosion54SoilConservationWhentopsoilislost,fertilityisreducedordestroyed,thusfertilizersmustbeusedtorestorefertility.Raisesfoodcosts,andincreasessedimentloadsinwaterways.SoilConservationWhentopsoil55SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件56Watererosion–controlrunoffWatererosion–controlrunoff57ConservationPracticesContourFarming-Tillingatrightanglestotheslopeoftheland.Eachridgeactsasasmalldam.StripFarming-Alternatingstripsofcloselysowncropstoslowwaterflow.Terracing-Levelareasconstructedatrightanglestotheslopetoretainwater-goodforverysteepland.ConservationPracticesContour58SoilandItsUses土壤及其利用课件59WinderosionWindbreaks-Plantingoftreesorotherplantsthatprotectbaresoilfromthefullforceofthewind.Winderosion60TillagePlowinghasmultipledesirableeffects:Weedsandweedseedsareburied/destroyed.Cropresidueisturnedunder-decaysfasterandhelpsbuildsoilstructure.Leachednutrientsbroughtclosertosurface.Cooler,darkersoilisbroughttotopandwarmed.TillagePlowinghasmultiplede61ProblemEachtripoverthefieldisanaddedexpensetothefarmer,andatthesametimeincreasestheamountoftimethesoilisopentoerosionviawindorwater.ProblemEachtripoverthefiel62
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